Pregnant Woman Eating Unhealthy Pizza. Isolated On White ...Mothers who eat an unhealthy diet during pregnancy may be putting their children at risk of developing long-term, irreversible health problems, including obesity, elevated levels of cholesterol and blood sugar, according to a new study (1). Studies conducted in mice and funded by the Wellcome Trust, shows that this effect is even more pronounced in female offspring.
A study published last year carried out by the same team at the Royal Veterinary College, London, showed that mice fed a diet rich in fat, sugar and salt while pregnant are more likely to give birth to offspring which overate and had a preference for junk food when compared to the offspring of rats given regular feed.
Now, in a follow-up study published in The Journal of Physiology, the researchers have shown that a mother's diet has an effect lasting beyond adolescence in rats, even when the offspring weaned from junk food, affecting how they body metabolizes food and indicate the long-term health effects.
Dr Stephanie Bayol and colleague Professor Neil Stickland compared to offspring of rats fed a diet of junk food is processed such as donuts, muffins, biscuits, crisps and sweets during pregnancy and l actation, and compared their offspring with those fed a diet of healthy food regular.
offspring of mothers fed junk food diets had raised levels of cholesterol and higher levels of triglycerides, a type of fat has been found in the bloodstream. Both are known to increase the risk of heart disease. Similarly, the offspring had higher levels of glucose and insulin, both of which increase the likelihood of developing diabetes type 2.
Researchers studied rats beyond adolescence to adulthood and observed that the rats are still fatter than those whose mothers ate a healthy diet while pregnant and breastfeeding. Crucially, this is partly manifested as an increase in fat mass surrounding the kidneys relative to body mass; called perirenal fat is also involved in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes type 2.
"It seems that a mother's diet whilst pregnant and breastfeeding is very important for the long-term health of their children," says Dr Bayol. "We always say 'you are what you eat'. In fact, probably also true that 'you are what your mother ate.' This does not mean that obesity and poor health is inevitable and it is important that we take care of ourselves and live a healthy lifestyle. But it does mean that mothers must eat responsibly whilst pregnant. "
Although this study only done on mice, Professor Stickland believes the findings are likely applicable to humans. A 2007 US study published in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology (2) shows that the weight of pregnant women wear, the higher the risk that the child will be obese children. A (3) study of 2005 British Medical Journal also showed a correlation between parent and child weight.
"Humans share a number of fundamental biological systems with rats, so there is good reason to assume the effects we see in rats may be repeated in humans," he said. "Our study certainly tally with epidemiological studies linking children's weight to their parents."
One surprising finding from this study is how diet mother disturbed metabolism of these descendants: male offspring of mothers who gorged on junk food had higher levels of insulin and normal levels of glucose, while the reverse is also true for girls , which also tend to be heavier.
In addition, girls showed higher levels of leptin, a hormone associated with appetite. It is already known that the appetite women are more sensitive to leptin and appetite male to insulin, both of the body can become resistant to. It shows a different metabolism for the two sexes and that the offspring's body will have a tendency to over-eat.
"Obesity has increased dramatically over the last few years and needs are addressed immediately," said Dr Pat Goodwin, Head of Pathogens, Immunology and Population Health at the Wellcome Trust. "This study supports the idea that there are many different risk factors that can lead to a person being overweight and developing related health problems. Pregnancy can be a difficult time for many mothers, but it is important that they are aware that what they eat may affect their offspring "
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